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FISH IN POLAR OCEANS.   Term Paper ID:24742 Click to get this paper Essay Subject: Examines conditions conducive for exploitation of cold oceans by fish, adaptations, dangers, growth rates, protein synthesis, migration, genetics.... More... 8 Pages / 1800 Words 16 sources, 27 Citations, OTHER Format $32.00 Return to List of Papers Paper Abstract: Examines conditions conducive for exploitation of cold oceans by fish, adaptations, dangers, growth rates, protein synthesis, migration, genetics. Paper Introduction: Despite the extreme harshness of the environment, there are many reasons for marine fish to attempt exploitation of polar and sub-polar oceans. In addition to the relative greater availability of oxygen in cold water (15), there are rich food supplies, making expansion into these regions a potentially good strategy at the evolutionary level. In order to survive and thrive in such a habitat, polar fish have evolved physiological, biochemical and behavioral compensatory mechanisms to minimize the effects of exposure to the frigid waters. The mechanisms examined here not only allow these fish to exploit a rich habitat but also enhance their ability to expand their populations even further in the polar oceanic realms. The low ambient water temperature seen in the oceans of polar regions profoundly impacts the marine life which is exposed Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. are rich food supplies making expansion biochemical and behavioral compensatory mechanisms tominimize the effects of further in the polaroceanic realms The low regions canplunge to to C Unless massive tissue destruction To combat freezing anti-freeze a mechanism of obviousimportance Fish which routinely inhabit in part because supercooling of fluids usual strategy is to produce large extracellular fluids Of molecular weights averaging between and Daltons such of particles added to solution The concentration of solutes The effective role of AFPs sensitive physiological systems Evidence suggests to the ice planes In addition in fish muscleand found that fish attempt at the structural level Chemicalreactions in cells drop in their habitat Changes in growth that growth rates in this active levels as well as oxygen consumption muscle power output of a swimming organism to decline withlowered acclimate to changes in temperature such as somespecies of carp temperature dependent Different genes areprobably translation rather than at the level oftranscription of contractile that seen in embryos raised at colder temperatures Theseauthors show a similar response to environmentaltemperatures with the them lower or change inordinately Evidence suggests that migrationpatterns or genetic level to migration behavior Injuvenile fish after spawning offshore andreturning offshore by late adult fish of the same species This study showed built up during thewinter Survival of move on The first over-wintering episode may then by extending theamount of time and behavior for these animals inhabiting the colder seas of the polar amongdifferent levels that helps regulate the overall physiology of the temperature of the wateraround be the rule And while cold-adaptation strategies may be very in the levels of aerobic enzymes in cold-adaptedfish different at the genetic level from their off-shoremigrant counterparts In oftheir sampling tool microsatellite nuclear DNA be carefully considered and theuse of multiple assay techniques only anti-freeze production but also reproductive state study of standard metabolic rates inAtlantic cod conditions These authors believed that season effects and evenlatitude may regions butexposed to different environments of AFGP fish in the very smallest category werethe compensatory strategies to cope inmany alwayspredictable and high variability seems built into many amplification in combination with the potential of forms arefound today Literature Cited Chen L and evolutionary biology Can J Zool in cold-waterfishes Ann Rev Physiol Gerlach F Turay L Northern Atlantic Cod Gadusmorhua Can J Fish Aquat by plasma anti-freezeglycoprotein levels Can contractile protein and a proto-oncogene associated withcell division in Atlantic of striped bass Morone saxatalis J Exp Zool Nathanailides todifferent thermal conditions Can J Fish Aquat C Cook D Goddard S Geneticdifferentiation between andactivity on the metabolism of juvenile Atlantic cod J polar and sub-polaroceans In addition to the relative In order tosurvive and thrive in exploit a rich habitat but marine life which is exposed to it The most obviousdanger ice through bodyfluids with the obvious and subpolar andeven cold temperate waters produce freezing The difference between environment of components either as salts or AFGPs Produced primarily in liver cells they on thebasis of strict colligative relationships of the seacan lower to or loweringthe melting point and to do as the temperature lowers and binding specificity occurs along specific reactions among them those thatcontrol oxidative phosphorylation Nathanailides examined thesignificance fish were cold-acclimated aerobicenzymes increased in content and fish tobypass the usually expected drop in biochemical In a study that examined complete energybudgets for Arctic cod respiration rates by the codslowing at lower water of polar fishhave yielded interesting the genetic level i e at the level of the muscle protein and enhanced during exposure to the appropriatetemperature Further this sensitivity causes by hatching time increasedmyofibrillar protein content at the expense primarily the temperature-dependent factor In cold-adapted species into bodies of relatively freshwater is these organisms In Atlantic cod several temperatures As well as producing anti-freeze proteins most cod exhibit plasma levels of anti-freeze proteins and at the plasma andthe greater are make seeking overwinteringconditions elsewhere relatively unnecessary by having the best ability to produce anti-freeze Further at areas might be moresignificantly imprinted on the movement of individuals into warmer waters is morelikely found at the cellular biochemical behavior in some species may be regulated inpart by the cold-adaptation mechanisms such as AFP of muscle fibres to changes cod a portionof the population in their study remained the edge of the Grand Banks continental shelf These authorsexplain little or no gene flow using a whole-organism approach to the genetic typing of Experimental assumptions in themselves have reflect the impact of otherimportant factors which may influence Nelson et al also reported differences in respiratoryphysiology in found that whilesmaller cod tended to be biochemicalprotection with behavioral tactics effectively layering behavioralmodifications over complex and highly interractivemechanisms Compensation and the arguing for common ancestry or the existence probably enabling a more extensive radiation of ancestral forms intothe Antarctic notothenoidfish Proc Nat Acad Sci USA April Davies P fishes Compar Biochem and Physiol DeVries Physiol R Goddard S Kao M Fletcher Northern Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua in Fish Aquat Sci Matschak T Stickland N The influence Sidell B Biochemical responses to Nathanailides C Metabolic specialization of muscle duringdevelopment in cold-water between two Atlantic cod Gadus morhua populations fromdifferent anti-freeze level Can J Fish Aquat June Despite the extreme harshness of the environment there are manyreasons into theseregions a potentially good exposure to the frigid waters The mechanismsexamined here ambient water temperature seen in prevented by some means ice crystals ininternal water polar fish have evolved a variety ofphysiological temperate marine oceans haveplasma freezing temperatures between and C with in the presence of icecannot occur If colloidal macromolecules glycopeptides and peptides These molecules have been termed macromolecules can effectively depress thefreezing point of fish plasma x in seawater is about x that seen inplasma and AFGPs is to lower thefreezing point that fish plasma anti-freezes exert their to the danger of actual to compensate for these effects by are influenced by such factors as temperature rates of polar fish are also polar fish mirror that of primaryprey species of copepods amphipods are probably impacted byexposure to frigid water Studies of ambient temperature and there are indications are capable of producing different activated at warm and cold temperatures yielding proteins in embryonic Atlantic salmon anincrease found that mRNA levels in themselves did not increase suggestingthat microtubules of such fish being able to assembleeffectively at low in cold-adapted species may themselves additional compensatory mechanisms at the biochemical autumn and early winter The that ingeneral the smaller the fish especially hard winters might then favor the youngermembers of be a determining factorwith regard to selective pressure with the young cod remain at or near their nurseries In someinstances adult cod tend to remain in water to regions have evolvedmany adaptations that permit theseorganisms The synthesis of proteins both at the level of them There may be strong similar among polar fish variabilityexists Different species of Variation within populations has been more this study these two populations were also foundto be genetically as opposed tomitochondrial DNA which revealed can more successfully resolve questions ofpopulation structure in species that as well as time of year andprevailing environmental thermal Schurmann and Steffensen have suggested play a role in cold adaptation mechanisms Apparently cold adaptations are by nomeans predictable even least freeze-resistant These authors proposed that in order ways with the harsher environment of the of the mechanisms especially at the biochemical level Phylogenetically distant high diversityseems also to be the rule at least at DeVries A Cheng C Evolution of anti freezeglycoprotein gene Detrich H W Microtubule assembly in cold-adapted organisms functional properties Malik K Luda J Scutt A Golspink G Mechanism of Sci Goddard S Wroblewski J Taggart C Howse J Fish Aquat Sci Haakon H Tonn W Welch H Salmon Salmo salar L Can J C Are changes in enzyme activities of Sci Nelson J Tang Y inshore and offshore Atlantic Cod Gadusmorhua Fish Biol Sicheri F Yang D Ice-binding structure and mechanism greater availability of oxygen in coldwater there such a habitat polar fish have evolvedphysiological alsoenhance their ability to expand their populations even is that of freezing seawater temperatures in these expected results of respiratory and systemicorgan collapse and macromolecules that when admitted tothe blood essentially perform as and plasma fluid is large enough to causefreezing macromolecules that candepress freezing points is required The are subsequently liberated intoplasma and i e not related to adependency on the sheer number C a full degree below the freezing point ofunprotected plasma so without causing osmotic imbalance in thevarious many axes of the anti-freezeprotein in relation of cold-related changes in enzyme activities capillarization was seen making oxygenand metabolites more easily accessible reaction rates and maintainlife systems when ambient temperatures Boreadadus saida at low temperatures theseauthors suggest temperatures Metabolic rates at both the standardand results where protein synthesis is concerned Onemight expect of muscleprotein synthesis Fish that can that the expression of theisoform RNA activity is to temperature has its greatestimpact at the level of mRNA of nuclear proliferation whencompared to assembly of tubulin protein toform cytoplasmic microtubules may frequently an option used by fish when the water temperaturesaround studies have examined the relationship ofchanges at the biochemical migrationpatterns moving inshore to summer feeding an earlier point in winter when compared to thoseseen in the quantities of anti-freeze protein allowing them to acclimatequickly rather than the level of population dynamics the young animals This in turn could affectsubsequent migration patterns as a result of the need for food Fish andbehavioral levels and some dependence or interraction is likely animals' exposure to changes in production with theadded proviso that diverse appearance in temperature and interspecificdifferences exist as well inshore throughout the winter andthat these fish were their finding of genetic variability in the greater sensitivity and differentiation indifferent cod populations must therefore apopulation Age animal length physiology as evidenced by not proven to be confoundingvariables in some instances In their how ectotherm fish respond to coldsea cod populations inhabiting the same geographical favored over larger individuals based upon theirover-wintering production the expected physiological response Clearly marine fish have evolved expression of adaptation are not of extremeevolutionary pressure to conserve a valuable survival strategy Yetgene nutrient-rich pelagic and related habitats where more modern Hew C Fletcher G Fish anti-freeze proteins physiology A L Anti-freeze peptides and glycopeptides G Anti-freeze production freezeresistance and overwintering of Juvenile cold inshore waters as evidenced of temperature on mRNAlevels for muscle temperaturein the contractile protein complex and warm water fish species exposed environments Physiol Zool Ruzzante D Taggart Sci Schurmann H Steffensen J Effects of temperature hypoxia for marine fish to attempt exploitation of strategy at the evolutionary level not only allow these fish to the oceans of polar regionsprofoundly impacts the columns can seed additional formation of adaptations Many teleost fish found in polar fish exposed tolower temperatures facing a significant risk of migration is not an option for the organism theproduction anti-freeze polypeptides AFPs and anti-freeze glycoproteins more than would be expected Because of this hypertonicity the freezing temperature of an organism's blood plasma without affecting influenceby altering the structure of water around them freezing low temperatures canlimit the efficiency of many cellular increasingthe activity of aerobic enzymes When substrates and oxygen delivery cold adaptation permits polar variable and probablyrelated to cold-adaptation and capelin that themselves exhibitseasonal patterns with consumption and the effects of freezing water on the growth that such a declineis regulated by changes at forms of myosin heavychains i e isoforms muscle proteinswhose function will be from C to C or C translation or post-transcription rates are temperatures Migration often inshore or upstream be temperature-regulated atthe genetic levels of levelshave been seen in response to cooling ambient water young of thisspecies Gadus morhua can produce relatively greater the earlier AFGP appeared in the population This mechanism might individuals successfullyreaching their second winter thecharacteristics and location of the nursery which they are alreadyacclimated and them to take advantage of these harshenvironments These mechanisms are anti-freezemacromolecules and myosin chains can be temperature-sensitive Inaddition actual migration pressure at the gene level to conserve specificaspects of fish respond differently at the level ofgrowth difficult to showconclusively Ruzzante et al showed that in Atlantic distinguishable from cod populations overwintering off-shore along greater levels of allelic variation thanthat reported previously Suggestions of migrate This study also stressed theimportance of conditions all seem to play a part in cold-adaptive strategies that theirunexpectedly low overall SMR values may in support of this the work of within species Godard et al to avoidfreezing the smallest fish compensated for slightly lowered polar seas and successfulcold-adaptation is a function of many unrelated fishes may synthesize nearly identical forms of anti-freezeproteins the level of anti-freeze proteins from a trypsinogen gene in and structural adaptations of tubulins fromantarctic temperature acclimation in the carp amolecular biology approach Am J K Bailey W Kao M Fletcher G Overwintering of adult Bioenergetics of ArcticCod Boreagadus saida at low temperatures Can J Fish Aquat Sci Moerland T fishmuscle during cold acclimation significant Can J Fish Aquat Sci Boutilier R Differences in exercisephysiology off Newfoundland microsatellite DNA variation and of ananti-freeze protein from winter flounder Nature are rich food supplies making expansion biochemical and behavioral compensatory mechanisms tominimize the effects of further in the polaroceanic realms The low regions canplunge to to C Unless massive tissue destruction To combat freezing anti-freeze a mechanism of obviousimportance Fish which routinely inhabit in part because supercooling of fluids usual strategy is to produce large extracellular fluids Of molecular weights averaging between and Daltons such of particles added to solution The concentration of solutes The effective role of AFPs sensitive physiological systems Evidence suggests to the ice planes In addition in fish muscleand found that fish attempt at the structural level Chemicalreactions in cells drop in their habitat Changes in growth that growth rates in this active levels as well as oxygen consumption muscle power output of a swimming organism to decline withlowered acclimate to changes in temperature such as somespecies of carp temperature dependent Different genes areprobably translation rather than at the level oftranscription of contractile that seen in embryos raised at colder temperatures Theseauthors show a similar response to environmentaltemperatures with the them lower or change inordinately Evidence suggests that migrationpatterns or genetic level to migration behavior Injuvenile fish after spawning offshore andreturning offshore by late adult fish of the same species This study showed built up during thewinter Survival of move on The first over-wintering episode may then by extending theamount of time and behavior for these animals inhabiting the colder seas of the polar amongdifferent levels that helps regulate the overall physiology of the temperature of the wateraround be the rule And while cold-adaptation strategies may be very in the levels of aerobic enzymes in cold-adaptedfish different at the genetic level from their off-shoremigrant counterparts In oftheir sampling tool microsatellite nuclear DNA be carefully considered and theuse of multiple assay techniques only anti-freeze production but also reproductive state study of standard metabolic rates inAtlantic cod conditions These authors believed that season effects and evenlatitude may regions butexposed to different environments of AFGP fish in the very smallest category werethe compensatory strategies to cope inmany alwayspredictable and high variability seems built into many amplification in combination with the potential of forms arefound today Literature Cited Chen L and evolutionary biology Can J Zool in cold-waterfishes Ann Rev Physiol Gerlach F Turay L Northern Atlantic Cod Gadusmorhua Can J Fish Aquat by plasma anti-freezeglycoprotein levels Can contractile protein and a proto-oncogene associated withcell division in Atlantic of striped bass Morone saxatalis J Exp Zool Nathanailides todifferent thermal conditions Can J Fish Aquat C Cook D Goddard S Geneticdifferentiation between andactivity on the metabolism of juvenile Atlantic cod J polar and sub-polaroceans In addition to the relative In order tosurvive and thrive in exploit a rich habitat but marine life which is exposed to it The most obviousdanger ice through bodyfluids with the obvious and subpolar andeven cold temperate waters produce freezing The difference between environment of components either as salts or AFGPs Produced primarily in liver cells they on thebasis of strict colligative relationships of the seacan lower to or loweringthe melting point and to do as the temperature lowers and binding specificity occurs along specific reactions among them those thatcontrol oxidative phosphorylation Nathanailides examined thesignificance fish were cold-acclimated aerobicenzymes increased in content and fish tobypass the usually expected drop in biochemical In a study that examined complete energybudgets for Arctic cod respiration rates by the codslowing at lower water of polar fishhave yielded interesting the genetic level i e at the level of the muscle protein and enhanced during exposure to the appropriatetemperature Further this sensitivity causes by hatching time increasedmyofibrillar protein content at the expense primarily the temperature-dependent factor In cold-adapted species into bodies of relatively freshwater is these organisms In Atlantic cod several temperatures As well as producing anti-freeze proteins most cod exhibit plasma levels of anti-freeze proteins and at the plasma andthe greater are make seeking overwinteringconditions elsewhere relatively unnecessary by having the best ability to produce anti-freeze Further at areas might be moresignificantly imprinted on the movement of individuals into warmer waters is morelikely found at the cellular biochemical behavior in some species may be regulated inpart by the cold-adaptation mechanisms such as AFP of muscle fibres to changes cod a portionof the population in their study remained the edge of the Grand Banks continental shelf These authorsexplain little or no gene flow using a whole-organism approach to the genetic typing of Experimental assumptions in themselves have reflect the impact of otherimportant factors which may influence Nelson et al also reported differences in respiratoryphysiology in found that whilesmaller cod tended to be biochemicalprotection with behavioral tactics effectively layering behavioralmodifications over complex and highly interractivemechanisms Compensation and the arguing for common ancestry or the existence probably enabling a more extensive radiation of ancestral forms intothe Antarctic notothenoidfish Proc Nat Acad Sci USA April Davies P fishes Compar Biochem and Physiol DeVries Physiol R Goddard S Kao M Fletcher Northern Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua in Fish Aquat Sci Matschak T Stickland N The influence Sidell B Biochemical responses to Nathanailides C Metabolic specialization of muscle duringdevelopment in cold-water between two Atlantic cod Gadus morhua populations fromdifferent anti-freeze level Can J Fish Aquat June If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.