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Essays on HISTORY: EUROPEAN
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LIGURIA, ITALY.
Term Paper ID:24499
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Essay Subject:
Examines region's cooking, food, major dishes, agriculture, tourism.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
6 sources, 25 Citations,
MLA Format
$36.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines region's cooking, food, major dishes, agriculture, tourism.
Paper Introduction:
The cooking of Liguria, like that of most of Italy's regional cuisines, reflects the geography, history and economics of the region. Though it is, in large part, a cuisine in which the ingenuity of perennially poor people produced excellent food, some of its primary innovations--such as pesto--no longer seem to hint of poverty. Instead, Ligurian inventiveness has turned the region's limited resources into a distinctive cuisine. La cucina dei genovesi has developed from a means of meeting basic human needs , while alleviating boredom with invention, to a means of delighting everyone from residents to visitors with the sensual pleasures of eating.
Liguria, popularly known in America as the Italian Riviera, is the second-smallest of Italy's administrative regions. Approximately 2,000 square miles in size, it stretches 200 miles
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"FOUR VOYAGES OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, THE" (ED. J.M. COHEN).
Term Paper ID:24494
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Essay Subject:
Analyzes motivations of explorer (religious, personal, economic, adventure) in first-person accounts of New World voyages.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
1 sources, 14 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$24.00
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Paper Abstract:
Analyzes motivations of explorer (religious, personal, economic, adventure) in first-person accounts of New World voyages.
Paper Introduction:
The motivations of Christopher Columbus and other figures in The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus, edited by J.M. Cohen, are varied and contradictory. Certainly, those motivations were not purely the result of high religious principles, for the lure of gold, land, slaves, power and prestige also played a major role in driving these men to seek, reach and exploit the New World. The reader must keep in mind that the book is written by men who were likely presenting what they saw as a positive portrait of their activities and intentions. Nevertheless, the full range of their motives comes through. One passage from the account of Columbus's son demonstrates the jumble of motives at work in the hearts and minds of these Europeans in their relations with the natives:
On receiving such kindnesses and such samples of gold from
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CHURCH & STATE UNDER CHARLEMAGNE.
Term Paper ID:24158
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Essay Subject:
Political, military & religious factors leading to uniting of church & state, focusing on life, career & rise to power of first Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
6 sources, 28 Citations,
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$32.00
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Paper Abstract:
Political, military & religious factors leading to uniting of church & state, focusing on life, career & rise to power of first Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne.
Paper Introduction:
Charlemagne was the first Holy Roman Emperor. This title symbolized the cooperation between church and state that ensured the Roman popes' authority over the Western Church, and the Frankish emperors' authority over much of Christianized Western Europe. Under Charlemagne, King of the Franks, the influence of the Catholic Church had been strongly reinforced. A new relationship between the Frankish kings and the popes was started by Pepin, Charlemagne's father, and Boniface, the popes' legate. Their early program of church reform was greatly expanded by Charlemagne. Pepin had also given his protection to the popes when Rome was threatened by invaders, and Charlemagne continued the tradition. This situation resulted in a new interdependence between church and state. Charlemagne exerted great influence on the clergy and on church practice, and offered security to the
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"TWO LIVES OF CHARLEMAGNE" (EINHARD & NOTKER THE STAMMERER) & "THE PRINCE" (MACHIAVELLI).
Term Paper ID:24065
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Essay Subject:
Compares works on political & military leadership & power.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
2 sources, 13 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Compares works on political & military leadership & power.
Paper Introduction:
This study will compare two books on the nature of political and military leadership and power, Two Lives of Charlemagne, by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, and The Prince, by Niccolo Machiavelli. The authors of the two biographies of Charlemagne focus on an historical personage and explore leadership and power as expressions of his specific life. Machiavelli focuses on the theory of leadership and power as he urges it to be practiced by the ideal prince, but he uses historical examples of past effective and ineffective exercises of power to bolster his arguments. Despite this difference in the two books' focus, the study will argue that the authors take the same essential position with respect to the subject: political and military power can be maintained only by a leader who is willing and able to use whatever means are necessary to bring obedience from one's
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REFORM IN 19TH CENT. BRITAIN & RUSSIA.
Term Paper ID:23944
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Essay Subject:
Major political, economic & social reforms from 1815 to 1880.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
3 sources, 11 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Major political, economic & social reforms from 1815 to 1880.
Paper Introduction:
The years from 1815 to 1880 were the Age of Reform in many parts of Europe. But, there were significant differences in the reforms that were achieved, and in the effects they had, in different parts of the continent. A comparison of five political developments from this period in England and five in Russia demonstrates how different circumstances made reforms possible, but, also produced different results. While the developments in industrialized Britain eventually resulted in a democratic state, reforms in Russia were thwarted by the autocratic power of the Tsars, who refused to ever yield completely to the desire for reform and were, eventually, overthrown by revolution.
The five political developments in Britain that produced the most significant changes include both reactions to the demand for reform, and the reforms themselves. They are: the amendment of
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"MARVELOUS POSSESSIONS: THE WONDER OF THE NEW WORLD" (STEPHEN GREENBLATT).
Term Paper ID:23924
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Essay Subject:
Examines book's ideas on importance of Europeans' loss of wonder in their ethnocentric & exploitive encounters with New World people.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
1 sources, 9 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Examines book's ideas on importance of Europeans' loss of wonder in their ethnocentric & exploitive encounters with New World people.
Paper Introduction:
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FOOD IN SCANDANAVIA.
Term Paper ID:23766
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Essay Subject:
Examines history & cultural significance of food in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland & Finland.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
16 sources, 12 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Examines history & cultural significance of food in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland & Finland.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this research is to examine the food history of Scandinavia. The scope and limit of this research is determined by both cultural history and specific geography. Geographically speaking, Scandinavia is considered to comprise the peninsula where sit Norway and Sweden. However, cultural referents assign Scandinavian status to Denmark, Iceland, and Finland as well (Funk & Wagnalls). Where the food history of the region is concerned, the relatively limited but all-inclusive topographical area is appropriate to consider, for there are numerous overlaps and convergence of food history in the designated countries.
The practical, climate- and topography-driven inaccessibility of Scandinavia appears to have driven the shape that food production and consumption have taken in the region over
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MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN MEDIEVAL ART.
Term Paper ID:23708
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Essay Subject:
Examines depictions in sculpture, manuscripts & paintings & what they reveal about the era's musical life & religious concerns.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
5 sources, 25 Citations,
APA Format
$40.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines depictions in sculpture, manuscripts & paintings & what they reveal about the era's musical life & religious concerns.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this paper is to discuss musicians and musical instruments as depicted in the visual arts of the period 900-1450 and to consider what can be deduced from such evidence about musical life in medieval Europe. Since hundreds of images from the medieval period showing musicians or instruments are available, this paper will discuss only a small selection of the more interesting and reproducible images, in order to survey the types of instruments that appear to have been in use.
In order to have some logical procedure for discussing the images, one would need to impose some sort of arbitrary categories. One possibility would be in terms of the medium. The art of this period falls into a relatively small number of genres. First, there is the art of the cathedrals. In this category falls sculpture, bas-relief, stained glass, icons, fresc
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FIRST CRUSADE OF 11TH CENT.
Term Paper ID:23476
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Essay Subject:
Historical, religious, social, political, economic & military aspects of Christian Crusade culminating in storming of Jerusalem by Frankish army.... More...
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30 Pages / 6750 Words
14 sources, 49 Citations,
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$120.00
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Paper Abstract:
Historical, religious, social, political, economic & military aspects of Christian Crusade culminating in storming of Jerusalem by Frankish army.
Paper Introduction:
On a November day in the year 1195, in one of the most famous of medieval scenes, Pope Urban II addressed an enormous throng at the French town of Clermont. He spoke, in emotional language, of the Holy Land and the Holy Places, groaning under the rule of the Muslim infidel, and of the outrages perpetrated against Christian pilgrims. He called upon the nobles in his audience to end their destructive private wars against one another, and for the sake of all Christendom to turn their swords against the infidel: to mount a great pilgrimage in arms for the rescue of the Holy Land. His audience, which had wept at the sorrows and outrages he had portrayed, now raised their voices thunderously. "Deus Veult!" they cried: "God wills it!"
Five years later, on June 15, 1199, followed perhaps one of the most infamous scenes of the Middle Ages. A Frankish
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FRANCE & SPAIN IN REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
Term Paper ID:23296
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Essay Subject:
Background, involvement & political & economic motivations for joining Amer. colonies' fight against British.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
4 sources, 14 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Background, involvement & political & economic motivations for joining Amer. colonies' fight against British.
Paper Introduction:
In 1779, France and Spain joined the United States against England in the Revolutionary War. Up to that time, the American Revolution had been a matter of a colony fighting against the mother country over a variety of issues relating primarily to matters of taxation and questions of the efficacy and fairness of the control being exercised over the colony from a distance. When France and Spain joined in the war, it was not out of overwhelming support for the interests of the Americans but out of self-interest against Britain.
Antipathy between the French and the British was not new. The French were at war with the colonists a few years before during the French and Indian War, an event which made the American colonies important to Europe for the first time:
America was of minor importance to European diplomacy.
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NATIONALISM IN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE.
Term Paper ID:23203
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Essay Subject:
19th & 20th Cent. history of causes & effects of nationalism & core-periphery state relations in politics & economics of Czechoslovakia, Hungary & Poland.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
8 sources, 22 Citations,
MLA Format
$28.00
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Paper Abstract:
19th & 20th Cent. history of causes & effects of nationalism & core-periphery state relations in politics & economics of Czechoslovakia, Hungary & Poland.
Paper Introduction:
NATIONALISM IN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS
This research paper explores aspects of the complex inter-relationships between nationalism, as manifested in East Central Europe, and relations between core and periphery statesin that area within the modern world economic system. The paths nationalism took in East Central Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were strongly, but by no means exclusively, influenced by the nature and content of the interactions between those states and certain great powers. Today, nationalism in the area remains a potent force.
Definitions
East Central Europe basically comprises the areas which make up modern Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. Nationalism is the political expression of the desires of specific ethnic
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ISLAMIC SPAIN.
Term Paper ID:23172
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Essay Subject:
History of Al-Andalus. Govt., religion, leadership, culture.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
4 sources, 35 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
History of Al-Andalus. Govt., religion, leadership, culture.
Paper Introduction:
Al-Andalus: A History of Islamic Spain
It was during the end of the Middle Ages that Islam was involved in the process of being eliminated from Europe. The historical tension between Christian and Muslim forces dates back to this period. The European crusades accounts for a portion of this hostility. Yet in the Iberian Peninsula this hostile tension was intensified and lingered even longer. By the middle of the thirteenth century two distinct categories of Muslims could be found in the Iberian Peninsula. The first dwelled in the small but densely populated independent Muslim kingdom of Granada while the other was scattered in the midst of such Christian kingdoms as Castile, Aragon and Navarre. Muslims living in the Iberanian Peninsula were often deeply divided even during the great era of Caliphate of Cordova during the tenth
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ARMENIAN GENOCIDE.
Term Paper ID:23038
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Essay Subject:
Ethical, ethnic, political, historical, religious & global causes & consequences of Ottoman Turkish slaughter from end of 19th Cent. to WWI.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
6 sources, 15 Citations,
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$48.00
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Paper Abstract:
Ethical, ethnic, political, historical, religious & global causes & consequences of Ottoman Turkish slaughter from end of 19th Cent. to WWI.
Paper Introduction:
INTRODUCTION
The destruction of the Armenian population in eastern Anatolia by the Ottoman Turks in the early years of this century raises a number of ethical issues not only in terms of the ethical breach by the Turks in instituting such a policy but in terms of the inadequate response of the rest of the world to reports of what was taking place. Indeed, the world has tended to ignore this story ever since, leaving the remaining Armenian population in the world feeling victimized and ill-treated by the world community. At the same time, these circumstances had the ironic effect of strengthening the sense of national unity among the Armenian people. The shameful behavior of the rest of the world toward the genocide in Armenia arguably contributed to the coming of the worst case of genocide in history, the attempted
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FASCISM & MUSSOLINI.
Term Paper ID:23002
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Essay Subject:
Examines Italian fascism & life of dictator & argues that he was not true fascist but only power-driven opportunist.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
4 sources, 16 Citations,
MLA Format
$20.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines Italian fascism & life of dictator & argues that he was not true fascist but only power-driven opportunist.
Paper Introduction:
In 1922 the Fascist party, led by Benito Mussolini, gained political power in Italy and gradually changed the government into a one-party dictatorship under Mussolini's control. From that time until his death Mussolini's only interest was in holding on to power. He was willing to do whatever he had to do to keep power. He did not operate on the basis of any principles or beliefs that could not be adapted when it suited his purpose. Mussolini remained in power until he was thrown out after a number of Italian military disasters in World War II. The Nazis set him up as the head of a puppet state in Northern Italy, but when Mussolini tried to flee from the Allies he was captured by the Italian underground and executed. The attitude he expressed to the very end was that a better choice would have kept him in power longer. As the end grew near in 1944 Mussolini admitted he
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SPAIN.
Term Paper ID:22913
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Essay Subject:
Politics, economics, population, industry, focusing on legitimacy of govt. in post-Franco era.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
5 sources, 7 Citations,
MLA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Politics, economics, population, industry, focusing on legitimacy of govt. in post-Franco era.
Paper Introduction:
Spain is a country that is being watched closely by the rest of Europe to see how it develops politically in the post-Franco era. Franco was the dictatorial ruler of Spain for half a century, and in the post-Franco era efforts have been made to increase the democratic underpinnings of the government and to increase the participation of the people in the political process. An issue that has to be faced involves the legitimacy that the government of Spain can now achieve. Legitimacy in political terms means that the government has constitutional support for exercising its power. The previous dictatorship lacked legitimacy in the sense suggested by Locke and Rousseau in that it did not derive its power from the people but rather imposed that power from above. With the end of the dictatorship, Spain immediately began edging toward legitimacy by seeking the
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"HISTORY OF THE INDES" (BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS).
Term Paper ID:22637
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Essay Subject:
Critical review of 16th Cent. political & moral critique of Spanish experience in New World from 1492 to 1520.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
1 sources, 8 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
Critical review of 16th Cent. political & moral critique of Spanish experience in New World from 1492 to 1520.
Paper Introduction:
Bartolome de las Casas, in History of the Indies, presents a history of the Spanish experience in the New World from 1492 to 1520. Las Casas, however, wants to do much more than merely give a factual account of that experience. He more importantly delivers a moral and political critique of the Spanish rule in the Americas, and it is a severe ethical indictment, indeed. The author wants to make the world aware of the inhumanity of the treatment of the native population and of Spanish slaves, and to show the terrible human, political, economic and moral costs of those actions to not merely the New World but also to the nation of Spain.
As Andree Collard writes in his Introduction to the book, "Spain in the sixteenth century had Bartolome de las Casas . . . (1474-1566)" to "denounce these human failings." He "was a man
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RUSSIA-SWEDEN WAR.
Term Paper ID:22496
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Essay Subject:
War waged by Peter the Great (1700-1721). Historical origins, course, leadership, effects on Russia's internal development & position in the world.... More...
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15 Pages / 3375 Words
18 sources, 51 Citations,
MLA Format
$60.00
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Paper Abstract:
War waged by Peter the Great (1700-1721). Historical origins, course, leadership, effects on Russia's internal development & position in the world.
Paper Introduction:
PETER THE GREAT'S WAR WITH SWEDEN AND ITS EFFECTS ON RUSSIA This research paper summarizes the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden (1700-1721), its origins, course and the leadership of Tsar Peter the Great during that war, and analyzes its effects on Russia's position in the world and on internal Russian developments. The principal effects of this long, protracted, bloody and expensive struggle on Russia were: (1) militarily and in geopolitical terms, Russia under Peter's leadership eliminated Sweden as a military threat, gained control of its strategic northern Baltic provinces and coastline, achieved maritime supremacy in the eastern Baltic Sea and emerged for the first time as a great European power; (2) internally and largely in response to the exigencies of that war, major steps were taken through a series of reforms and other measures to
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INDUSTRIALIZATION OF EASTERN EUROPE.
Term Paper ID:22448
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Essay Subject:
Economic, cultural, social, political, agricultural & ideological effects of development from 1870 to 1939, compared to growth in Western Europe.... More...
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14 Pages / 3150 Words
6 sources, 30 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$56.00
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Paper Abstract:
Economic, cultural, social, political, agricultural & ideological effects of development from 1870 to 1939, compared to growth in Western Europe.
Paper Introduction:
The period between 1870-1939 was an era of radical change for East and Central Europe. Throughout the early part of the period, this region developed in response to the Industrial Revolution, with most of the countries becoming peripheral to the core nations of Western Europe. The period of development ended with World War I. The interwar era was characterized by reconstruction, fueled by foreign capital. The redrawing of national boundaries during the early interwar period left East and Central Europe in the throes of societal conflict, a prelude to World War II.
Politically, the period between 1870 and 1918 was characterized by international stabilization. Alliances between the so-called central powers--Germany, France, and Austria-Hungary--were forged using the diplomacy of Germany's Otto von
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COUNCIL OF TRENT.
Term Paper ID:22412
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Essay Subject:
16th Cent. Roman Catholic group created to correct abuses which led to Protestant Reformation. Function, problems of Church, membership, effects on Church.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
22 sources, 57 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$48.00
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Paper Abstract:
16th Cent. Roman Catholic group created to correct abuses which led to Protestant Reformation. Function, problems of Church, membership, effects on Church.
Paper Introduction:
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT: AN EXAMINATION
Introduction
The Council of Trent was an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church that met three times from 1545 to 1563. The council originally was convened by Pope Paul III to correct the abuses and defects that had led to the Protestant Reformation. The council also examined church doctrine and recommended to the Pope the reform of some practices of the Church. The first meeting of the council, 1545-1547, was held under the authority of Pope Paul III, while the second meeting, 1551-1552, sat under the authority of Pope Julius III, and the third meeting, 1562-1563, met under the direction of Pope Pius IV. The long delays between the meetings of the council were the result of a combination of disi
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KEMAL, MUSTAFA.
Term Paper ID:22138
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Essay Subject:
Life & career of 19th-20th Cent. Turkish military & political leader.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
13 sources, 38 Citations,
APA Format
$48.00
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Paper Abstract:
Life & career of 19th-20th Cent. Turkish military & political leader.
Paper Introduction:
THE REALPOLITIK OF MUSTAFA KEMAL
AND HIS RISE TO POWER (1915 1927)
This research paper deals with an important facet of Mustafa Kemal's career, namely, the facts and circumstances,including his personal leadership qualities, decisions and actions which accompanied and were instrumental in his rise to a position of supreme power in Turkey. The principal focus of this essay is on the middle period of that career (1915 1927) when Kemal was between the ages of 34 and 46. Its thesis is that a primary factor in Kemal's rise to power was his extraordinary talent during that period in: assessing accurately the nature and the strength of the forces with which Turkey and he had to contend; establishing clear and attainable goals; and employing and implementing realistic means to achieve those goals.
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GENDER RELATIONSHIPS IN TURKEY.
Term Paper ID:22117
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Essay Subject:
Changes in traditional gender roles caused by societal modernization. Male dominance, family, marriage, impact of Islam, work, foreign influence.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
11 sources, 12 Citations,
APA Format
$28.00
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Paper Abstract:
Changes in traditional gender roles caused by societal modernization. Male dominance, family, marriage, impact of Islam, work, foreign influence.
Paper Introduction:
GENDER RELATIONSHIPS IN TURKEY
Summary
Gender relationships in contemporary Turkey are experiencing dynamic change. The source of the changing relationships between the genders in Turkey is societal modernization. Some elements of Turkish society desire to develop a stronger European orientation and identity for the country, while other societal elements desire to retain Turkey's traditional Islamic heritage. For gender relationships, this clash of ideas means not only change in the character of such relationships, but also means that disharmony characterizes many relationships at both societal and familial levels.
Introduction
Turkey is emerging as a modern nation in the last years of the twentieth ce
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WORKER SAFETY IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY CHARTER.
Term Paper ID:22056
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Essay Subject:
Analyzes Article 118a's provisions, objectives, authority, legislation created, measuring effectiveness, employer punishment, enforcement limitations, justification for, costs, Court of Justice, economic criticism.... More...
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35 Pages / 7875 Words
23 sources, 83 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$140.00
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Paper Abstract:
Analyzes Article 118a's provisions, objectives, authority, legislation created, measuring effectiveness, employer punishment, enforcement limitations, justification for, costs, Court of Justice, economic criticism.
Paper Introduction:
Article 118a: Worker Safety v. Efficiency
This paper will discuss the issue of worker safety under Article 118a of the European Community Charter, dealing with workplace health and safety. The first part of the paper will describe this article and how its language differs from that of other articles. The second part of the paper will describe some of the specific legislative enactments passed by the Community under Article 118a. The third part of the paper will discuss the types of regulations in general and how Article 118a regulations fit into this general framework. The fourth part of the paper will discuss some of the problems and limitations of legislative harmonization. The fifth part of the paper will examine some of the arguments in favor of transnational labor standards, while the sixth part of the paper will look at the economic arguments against such
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"MAGDALENA & BALTHASAR", "RETURN OF MARTIN GUERRE" & "GOOD FAITH & TRUTHFUL IGNORANCE".
Term Paper ID:22042
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Essay Subject:
How three books (by Steve Ozment, Natalie Davis & Alexandra & Noble Cook) portray European social reality in 16 Cent.-18th Cent. Europe, male-female relations, role of women, capitalism, modern state.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
5 sources, 12 Citations,
MLA Format
$28.00
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Paper Abstract:
How three books (by Steve Ozment, Natalie Davis & Alexandra & Noble Cook) portray European social reality in 16 Cent.-18th Cent. Europe, male-female relations, role of women, capitalism, modern state.
Paper Introduction:
The mode of life faced by people in early European history can be discerned in writings from and about that period. The couples featured in three books--Magdalena & Balthasar by Steve Ozment, The Return of Martin Guerre by Natalie Zemon Davis, and Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance by Alexandra Parma Cook and Noble David Cook--will serve as reflections of the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, and the nature of the relationships between the members of each couple serve to point out the role of women in the period, the development of capitalism, the development of the modern sovereign state, and other cultural and economic issues of the Reformation and counter-Reformation periods.
The couples in these three books represent different aspects of the social scene of the time. The story of the legendary law
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EQUALITY IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.
Term Paper ID:22039
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Essay Subject:
Laws ensuring non-discrimination involving commercial entities & individuals by nation & gender. Court of Justice & Treaty of Rome, principles, labor, equal pay for equal work, pension schemes, examples, exceptions.... More...
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36 Pages / 8100 Words
65 sources, 114 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$144.00
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Paper Abstract:
Laws ensuring non-discrimination involving commercial entities & individuals by nation & gender. Court of Justice & Treaty of Rome, principles, labor, equal pay for equal work, pension schemes, examples, exceptions.
Paper Introduction:
fEquality in the European Community
This paper will discuss various aspects of the law relating to equality in the European Community. The paper will specifically focus upon how the European Court of Justice has interpreted various provisions of the Treaty of Rome, the subsequent EC Treaty, and the directives issued by the European Council with regard to equality. The first part will provide an introduction to the idea of equality in the law of the European Community. The second part will examine the principle of equality with regard to gender in EC law. Within this section, the main emphasis will be upon Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome, which mandates equal pay for equal work. This part will also discuss the important directives concerning equality adopted by the Council and directed towards the Member States.
Equality
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KEMALIST REFORMS IN TURKEY.
Term Paper ID:21900
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Essay Subject:
Legacy of Mustafa Kemal & his efforts to reform & secularize govt. in context of Islamic fundamentalism.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
3 sources, 9 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$24.00
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Paper Abstract:
Legacy of Mustafa Kemal & his efforts to reform & secularize govt. in context of Islamic fundamentalism.
Paper Introduction:
Mustafa Kemal was a Turkish World War I hero later known as "Ataturk" or "father of the Turks," and he founded the republic of Turkey in 1923 after the collapse of the 600 year old Ottoman Empire. He also instituted reforms which moved Turkey away from religious control and toward secular control of the government. The issue of how well the reforms have lasted and how viable they are today relates to the issue of the health of Islamic fundamentalism in Turkey today and how well the secular government will be able to function in the face of rising Islamic fundamentalism throughout the Middle East.
At its peak, the Ottoman Empire controlled vast stretches of northern Africa, southeastern Europe, and western Asia, and at the beginning of this century the Empire had clearly failed to keep pace with European social and technological developments.
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TREATY OF VERSAILLES.
Term Paper ID:21857
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Essay Subject:
Six interpretations of 1919 agreement ending WWI. Negotiations, aims, motivations, rhetoric, politics, international & domestic concerns, leadership, reparations.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
6 sources, 7 Citations,
APA Format
$36.00
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Paper Abstract:
Six interpretations of 1919 agreement ending WWI. Negotiations, aims, motivations, rhetoric, politics, international & domestic concerns, leadership, reparations.
Paper Introduction:
Treaty of Versailles
This paper will discuss six interpretations of the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed in 1919, officially ending the First World War. These six interpretations will be drawn from six different books by six different authors. These works focus upon different aspects of the Treaty and these differing focuses can often account for the variation in interpretations.
Most of the interpretations of the treaty attempt to explain why the negotiators acted in the ways they did in formulating the Treaty. One interpretation of the Versailles Peace Treaty argues that the Allied negotiators in Paris feared Bolshevism more than a resurgent Germany. The high tone of the rhetoric which issued forth from the negotiations was founded less upon genuine feelings of world justice, than upon uneasiness at the prospect of proletarian revolut
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CHARLEMAGNE'S CURRENCY REFORMS.
Term Paper ID:21796
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Essay Subject:
Causes & effects of 8th Cent. Frankish king's monetary policy. Politics, religion, gold & silver coinage, inflation, trade, land.... More...
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13 Pages / 2925 Words
10 sources, 36 Citations,
APA Format
$52.00
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Paper Abstract:
Causes & effects of 8th Cent. Frankish king's monetary policy. Politics, religion, gold & silver coinage, inflation, trade, land.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this research is to examine the currency reforms of Charlemagne. The plan of the research will be to set forth the apparent purpose of Charlemagne's monetary program, and then to discuss the implications of specific monetary goals for the use of coinage throughout the Holy Roman Empire.
To understand Charlemagne's currency reforms within the Frankish kingdom, it is necessary to understand that Charlemagne (born 742 A.D.) appears to have instituted such reforms in significant part in response to economic conditions that he encountered rather than as a feature of policy initiatives. Additionally, Charlemagne's monetary policy appears to have been intended to give his kingdom entry into the international community and to lend weight to the legitimacy of his reign. Thus Charlemagne's currency reforms must be understood in
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SWITZERLAND.
Term Paper ID:21685
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Essay Subject:
Overview of history, demographics, geography, social conditions, economics, trade, politics, future.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
10 sources, 21 Citations,
MLA Format
$40.00
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Paper Abstract:
Overview of history, demographics, geography, social conditions, economics, trade, politics, future.
Paper Introduction:
SWITZERLAND: A COUNTRY STUDY
Introduction
This research presents a country study of Switzerland. A brief history of the country is followed by a more detailed examination of contemporary Switzerland. The concluding section considers the future of the country.
Historical Background
Through the middle of the seventeenth century, Switzerland was a part of the Holy Roman Empire (Hunter 1255-1262). From the late-thirteenth century through 1648, Switzerland was a part of a defensive league of three states within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1648, the league became independent of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1798, a united Helvetic Republic was formed from the cantons comprising the defensive league. In 1815, the perpetual neutral
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VIKING LAW & ICELAND.
Term Paper ID:21655
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Essay Subject:
Describes law of early Scandanavian peoples & influence on development of Icelandic legal system & culture from 9th Cent. to 13th Cent. Principles, aims, social aspects, politics, religion.... More...
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20 Pages / 4500 Words
15 sources, 71 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$80.00
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Paper Abstract:
Describes law of early Scandanavian peoples & influence on development of Icelandic legal system & culture from 9th Cent. to 13th Cent. Principles, aims, social aspects, politics, religion.
Paper Introduction:
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FEUDALISM IN EUROPE & JAPAN.
Term Paper ID:21535
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Essay Subject:
Defines & compares social & economic relations, vassal vs. samurai classes, authority & freedom, land, military.... More...
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6 Pages / 1350 Words
4 sources, 12 Citations,
MLA Format
$24.00
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Paper Abstract:
Defines & compares social & economic relations, vassal vs. samurai classes, authority & freedom, land, military.
Paper Introduction:
This study will provide an examination of the differences between the medieval feudalism of Europe and the Japanese feudal system. We will note that on the surface there are a number of similarities between the two systems, especially in terms of social and political divisions between the landowning class and the class immediately under the landowners. However, upon greater inspection, we begin to see very important differences in the two feudal systems, especially with respect to the vassal class of Europe and the samurai class of Japan.
F.L. Ganshof, in Feudalism, defines the term in general by listing a number of its prominent features:
a development pushed to extremes of . . . personal dependence . . . , with a specialized military class occupying the higher levels in the social scale; an
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